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  INDEPENDENCE DAY
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  The Indian Tricolour

India has a long history of freedom struggle. India was never an independent sovereign; rather it was composed of several independent princely states who exercised control over their conquered territories in the Indian sub-continent. It was not until the British traders who came to this land, conquered and consolidated these states to form the British-Indian colony, that the country got its distinct geographical identity.

 
 

Europeans on Indian Soil
The European presence in India dates back to the 15th century. Vasco da Gama's discovery of a new sea route to India in 1498 paved the way for direct Indo-European commerce. Soon the Portuguese set up trading-posts in Goa, Diu Daman and Bombay. The next to arrive were the Dutch, the British and then came the French.

 
 

Decline of the Mughals and the advent of the British
In the latter part of 17th century when the Mughal Empire began to collapse, it paved the way for the emergence of new regional states in India. In the contest for supremacy among all the European countries that came to India to establish colonies, the English emerged 'victors'. The British, who had initially come for trade, gradually took over the total administration of the country. Their rule was marked by the conquests at the battlefields of Plassey in 1757 where British East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the last Nawab of Bengal, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulha and then the Battle of Buxar in 1764. After this win the Company acquired the civil rights of administration in Bengal from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. This marked the beginning of the Company’s formal rule, which engulfed eventually most of India and extinguished the Moghul rule and dynasty itself in a century.


 
 

East India Company and its ruling policy

The British East India Company at first monopolized the trade of Bengal. Then by the 1850s, the East India Company gained control over most of the Indian sub-continent, which included present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh. They introduced the Divide and Rule in India in order to take advantage of the hostility suppurating between various princely states and social and religious groups.
  revolutionaries being hanged by the British  soldiers  
The Revolt of 1857-58
British Company's high handed rule resulted in the Rebellion of 1857-58 (popularly known as the Sepoy Mutiny). It sought to reinstate Indian supremacy, but due to lack of co-ordination among the leaders, the rebellion lost its importance and was eventually crushed. In the later years successive campaigns led by several other freedom fighters in the country had the effect of driving the British out of India in 1947 finally.
 
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